It is unfortunate that Islam, the religion of
peace, hope, harmony, goodwill and Brotherhood hads been badly tarnished by the
perpetrators of various terrorists acts and barbarism as seen in recent years.
More and more often, Islam has been associated with terrorism and violence due to the actions of a few extreme individuals who’ve taken it upon themselves to do the most heinous crimes in the name of Islam.
Tragic events such as the attack on the twin towers in New York, the bombings of Bali, Madrid and London are assumed to be justified by Islam in the minds of some people. This idea has been fuelled further by many media channels which defame Islam by portraying these bombers as ‘Islamists’ or ‘Jihadists’, as though they were sanctioned by Islam, or had any legitimate spokemenship on behalf of Muslims. The actions of a few fanatical individuals who happen to have Muslim names or ascribe themselves to the Muslim faith should not be a yardstick by which Islam is judged. For the same reason, that one would not do justice to Christianity if it where perceived as sanctioning the genocide of the Native Americans, the atrocities of world war II or the bombings of the IRA.
To understand Islam’s stance on terrorism, one must refer to its original sources, the Quran and the teachings of Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, which are explicit in their prohibition of any form of injustice including that of wanton violence which seeks to instill fear, injury or death to civilians.
The Quran turns our attention to the high value of human life, whether it is Muslim or Non-Muslim and makes it absolutely forbidden to take an innocent life unjustly. The gravity of such a crime is equated, in the Quran, with the killing of all humanity.
“On that account: We ordained for the Children of Israel that if any one slew a person - unless it be for murder or for spreading mischief in the land - it would be as if he slew the whole people: and if any one saved a life, it would be as if he saved the life of the whole people. Then although there came to them Our apostles with clear signs, yet, even after that, many of them continued to commit excesses in the land.” ( 5:32 )
Not only is human life sacred in Islam but the property, wealth, family and dignity of all individuals in society are to be respected and protected. Those who transgress these rights and sow fasad (corruption) as the Quran describes it, incur the wrath of Allah. "…and seek not corruption in the earth; lo! Allah loveth not corrupters " (28:77)
Likewise in another verse “The blame is only against those who oppress men and wrong-doing and insolently transgress beyond bounds through the land, defying right and justice: for such there will be a penalty grievous” (42:42) Islam goes further than just prohibiting oppression and safeguarding rights, it commands its faithful to deal kindly and compassionately to all those who seek to live in peace and harmony
"Allah forbids you not, with regard to those who fight you not for your faith, nor drive you out of your homes, from dealing kindly and justly with them: For Allah loves those who are just" (60:8)
In times of war and conflict, where enmity can obstruct an individual’s judgement to act morally, Islam commands that justice be upheld even towards one’s enemies."O ye who believe! stand out firmly for Allah, as witnesses to fair dealing, and let not the hatred of others to you make you swerve to wrong and depart from justice. Be just: that is next to piety: and fear Allah. For Allah is well-acquainted with all that ye do" (5:8) .Centuries before the Geneva Convention was drawn up, Muslims were bound by a code of conduct which the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, set.
He forbade the killing of women, children and elderly in war. In an authentic narration the Prophet (pbuh) warned that he who kills anyone who has a covenant of peace with the Muslims will not smell the scent of Paradise. In fact, he taught that justice is not only to humans but must be shown to animals and all living things. In a narration the Prophet (pbuh) informed us about how a lady was sent to hell because of a cat she had locked up until it starved and died. If such is the sanctity which Islam places on the soul of an animal, how much more grave is the killing of hundreds of innocent humans?!
Abu Bakr the first Calipha of the Muslims reflected these prophetic teachings when he advised his general Yazid, who was confronting Roman armies,"I advise you ten things, Do not kill women or children or an aged, infirm person. Do not cut down fruit-bearing trees. Do not destroy an inhabited place. Do not slaughter sheep or camels except for food. Do not burn bees and do not scatter them. Do not steal from the booty, and do not be cowardly."
The message of the Quran is clear as we have seen and continue to explore below. Its very precise that the sanctity of any human life is to be respected and any violation in that regard is paramount to the worst crime. Mercy is at the heart of the Islamic call, “We sent thee (O Muhammad) not save as a mercy for the peoples” (21:107); a totally different message to what the terrorists are sadly imparting to humanity.
According to the Islamic Holy Book - the Quran, God
has bestowed honour on every individual irrespective of skin colour, race,
nationality, etc. Freedom is one of the great favours of God and its
deprivation is a great misery. Under the Islamic dispensation, no one can be
made a captive without a just cause. Prisoners can only be taken in the event
of a regular declared war or battle and not for any other reason or under any
other pretext. The Holy Quran specifically states:
It does not behove a Prophet that he should have captives until he
engages in regular fighting in the land. If you take captives, except in
regular fighting, you will be regarded as desiring the goods of this world,
while ALLAH desires for you the Hereafter. And ALLAH is Mighty, Wise (8:68)
This verse cuts at the root of not only slavery
practice in years gone by but also demolishes any supposed justification of
modern day hostage-taking and hijacking of innocent people not involved in
actual combat.
In his farewell address the Holy Prophet of Islam gave special
instructions regarding good treatment which should be meted out to prisoners.
The Holy Prophet said:
O men, you still have in your possession some prisoners of war. I advise
you, therefore, to feed them and to clothe them in the same way and style as
you feed and clothe yourselves ..... To give them pain or trouble can never be
tolerated.
More specific commandments on the ethics of war and
treatment of prisoners are contained in the fifth verse of the forty-seventh
chapter of the Quran. This comprehensive verse can be paraphrased as follows:
"When engaged in a regular battle, it
should be fought bravely and relentlessly. War can be continued till peace and
freedom of conscience are established. Prisoners are to be taken judiciously.
Free men cannot be deprived of their liberty without a just and reasonable
cause. When war is over, prisoners should be released as an act of favour or on
taking ransom or by negotiating a mutual exchange."
In the history of Islam all these methods have been used for releasing
prisoners. A novel method to get release was that the educated prisoners could
teach reading and writing to those who were illiterate, in lieu of ransom.
This verse further strikes at the roots of those who would justify
modern day terrorism in the name and under the banner of Islam.Envoys are privileged people in the Islamic system. They enjoy full
personal immunity. They are not subject to political ransom, no matter how
worthy the cause may be, and to kidnap them is a heinous crime. They must not
be killed, molested or maltreated. There are numerous instances from the Holy
Prophet's life which illustrate the application of these principles.
Thus Islamic scriptural commandments and the precepts of the Holy
Prophet of Islam concerning diplomatic immunity are free from ambiguities. In a
nutshell, taking hostages and maltreating envoys and private citizens in any
shape and form is totally foreign to the teachings and doctrines of Islam. In
other words, the philosophy of Islam totally rejects terrorism.
Through the actions of some elements, the western
world visualizes a wrong concept of Jihad (Holy
War). The word Jihad conjures up the
vision of a marching band of religious fanatics with savage beards and fiery
eyes, brandishing swords and attacking the infidels.
Jihad in Islamic terminology means to
make an effort, to endeavour and to strive in a noble way. Over the centuries
this meaning of Jihad has
been obliterated or at least diluted. The critical juncture in the Islamic
world requires reviving and recapturing the true and pristine meaning of Jihad.
Jihad can be divided into two broad
categories. First is Jihad-e-akbar.
This is Jihad against
one's own person to curb sinful inclinations, i.e., purification of self. This
is the most difficult Jihad and
hence in terms of rewards and blessings is the highest category of Jihad.
The second is Jihad-e-asghar.
This is Jihad of the
sword. This is communal Jihad and
presupposes certain specific conditions. The Quran speaks of fighting only
against those who first attack Muslims and this is the very condition laid down
in other verses of the Holy Quran as well. The so-called verse of the sword in the
Islamic scripture is often taken out of context as if it inculcates an
indiscriminate massacre of all unbelievers.
The Quranic words such as kill whatever you find them apply
only in cases where the enemy has first attacked Muslims and apply to those
unbelievers and enemies who break their oaths and firm agreements. They do not
apply to unprovoked wars and battles. To interpret these verses in any other
manner would be a travesty of the lofty ideals of Islam. There is not a single
instance in the life of the Holy Prophet where he offered the alternative of
the sword or Islam to anyone.
The Western media and even some scholars sometimes ignore the
distinction between these two aspects of Jihad. It must be remembered that the Holy Quran does not make Jihad, the holy war, in context of an article of
faith. The sayings and traditions of the Holy Prophet render it into a formula
for active struggle that invariably and incorrectly tended towards a militant
expression. Modern day terrorism is contrary to the purview of the real spirit
of the Islamic Jihad.
The presentation of Islam as a crude and barbaric religion which gives
itself the right to cause unwarranted human and material suffering and
destruction under the guise of Divine authority, is not the kind of Islam we
find in the Holy Quran and in the precepts of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (peace
and blessings of Allah be upon him!)
Among the attributes of God, the Holy Quran
mentions that He is the Source of peace and the Bestower of
security (59:23). The establishment of peace and
maintenance of security must, therefore, be the constant objective of all
Muslims and non-Muslims alike. Every pursuit and activity which disturbs peace
is severely condemned in Islam. We find specific injunctions in the Holy Quran:
Mischief and wickedness are condemned in several
other verses and Muslims are commanded to work wholly for peace.
Islam draws attention to factors which tend to disturb or destroy peace
and order, and deprecates them. Domination of one group by another in the
domestic sphere, or of one people by another in the international sphere is a
potent cause of disturbance of peace and is therefore strongly condemned.
Economic exploitation of one people or country by another inevitably leads to
domination by the exploiters, and develops into a potential threat to peace.
The Holy Quran prohibits such exploitation and an economy based on exploitation
cannot be beneficial in its consequences, nor can it endure.
Islam visualizes an association of strong and stable states allied
together in the pursuance of peace, freedom of conscience and the promotion of
human welfare. Treaties or covenants between nations may have to be drawn up
which should be done in a straightforward language and should not be evaded or
repudiated under the temptation of securing some advantage. In case of
difficulties and disputes, it is the duty of Muslims to bring about a peaceful
settlement and adjustment.
The Holy Quran teaches that God has sent His revelation to all people
from time to time. Many of prophets of the Old Testament are mentioned by name
and so is Jesus who with other prophets is honoured and revered by all Muslims.
Indeed, the Quran requires belief in the truth of all these prophets. Islam is
thus unique and distinct in requiring an affirmation in all prophets wherever
they appeared and therefore it seeks to bring about reconciliation between the
followers of different faiths and to establish a basis of respect and honour
among them.
The Quran says: Surely, those who believe and the Jews and the Christians and the SAabians
- whichever party from among these truly believes in ALLAH and the Last Day and
does good deeds, shall have their reward with their Lord, and no fear shall
come upon then nor shall they grieve (2:63)
The same message is repeated in 5:70. The basic unity of the followers of all
faiths is emphatically stressed in the Holy Quran and the creation of discord
and disunity by terrorism or otherwise has no place in Islam.
In the domain of international relations, religion and inter-religious
relations occupy an important position.
Unfortunately, comparatively little
attention is paid to this aspect of human relations. It is assumed that
religion is a private matter for each individual and should, therefore, have no
direct connection with the political, social aspects of life. This assumption
is not justified. Islam being an egalitarian religion, is not just a personal
faith, but an all-encompassing codes of values and conduct. Islam is and will
be a vital factor in human relations and there is a good ground of hope that it
might progressively become more effective in promoting unity and accord rather
than continue to be required on the part of religious and political leaders to
achieve that goal.
I must conclude by saying that whether peace or war, acts of terrorism
are not only condemned in Islam but are also pointedly declared alien to the
teachings of Islam which in fact means peace through the submission to the Will
of God, the Lord of all human beings. Only through conformity to Divine laws
can we hope to achieve the ideal of a secure world free of terrorism.
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